In non-life insurance, the premium valuation, loss and claim of insurance are the core issue, and to consider the premium pricing must first know the loss distribution.

在非寿险中，保费计价、损失理赔是保险业务的核心问题，而给保费定价首先必须知道所考虑险种的损失分布。

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Contingent valuation method (CVM) is the worldwide used method to value loss caused by environmental pollution.

条件价值评估方法是目前国际上普遍应用的对环境污染造成损害的评价方法。

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However, more and more domestic companies make a loss though hedging because of less in knowledge of hedge risk and the limitation in hedge risk valuation and management.

然而，近年来屡屡出现的套期保值高额亏损事件，表明国内企业对于基差的风险认识不足，在基差风险评估与管理制度方面存在缺陷。

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Not until page 111 of the 2010 10-K does one see details on how the companies loan loss reserves, aka valuation allowances change.

FORBES: Fun With Loan Loss Reserves, Or Why Not To Buy Principal Financial

Much of the loss came from changes in the valuation of RBS's debt.

BBC: Ulster Bank losses increase in first quarter

While the bottom lines are being cushioned with loan loss reserves releases and accounting maneuvers like debt valuation adjustments the revenue number tells a more honest story.

FORBES: Forget The Jamie Dimon Show, Wells Fargo Has Another Stellar Quarter